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Summary Judy Garland, born Frances Ethel Gumm, became one of the biggest film stars of her time despite enduring mistreatment and exploitation by MGM

The American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II found elevated relative risks (i.e., the risk of the conditions among smokers compared to nonsmokers) for current smoking of 10.9 for males and 5.1 for females for lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers (i.e., male smokers have 10.9 times higher risk of developing these cancers than male nonsmokers, and female smokers have 5.1 times higher risk of developing these cancers than female nonsmokers) and 14.6 for males and 13.0 for females for laryngeal cancer (Ref

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2000, Ottawa: Health Canada Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Brown KS, Cameron R: Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers