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Sex-specific estimates should be interpreted cautiously, and men-only analyses were used as a robustness check

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In 2009, Cohen et al., also reported on the exposure of epithelia cell cultures to the particulate phase of cigarette smoke reducing cilliary beat increase when stimulated.13 Besides in vitro evidence, the exposure to cigarette smoke also harms mucociliary transport in humans, both in acute exposure14 as well as in its chronic counterpart.15,16 Cigarette smoking is also associated with profound changes in mucous production mechanisms