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A separate study found similar results suggesting an increase in MUC5AC protein levels in culture human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to PG:VG aerosols [37] as well as an increase gene expression for several inflammatory markers including cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), known to play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD [37]

For regular smokers, a 20-cigarette pack can last the day, thus remaining a practical option for daily use

Alkam T, Nabeshima T

We show in Model 2 that, after we adjust for all of the above conditions, the main age effect still is highly significant (OR = 1.05