penn state electronic cigarette dependence index E-Cigarette Assessment Tools | PDF | Using the Penn State Nicotine

Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence. Popular electronic cigarette may deliver nicotine more effectively than others, researchers say Penn State Health News Center for Research on Tobacco and Health College of Medicine Penn State E cigarettes less addictive than cigarettes Penn State University

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