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In the 1960s in particular, there were changes due to an embargo on tobacco from Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and alternatives had to be found from Malawi

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The researchers reached the following conclusion: "Overall, our data demonstrate that at normal vaporization temperatures, carbonyl levels in e-cigarette emissions represent only a small fraction of the levels inhaled by tobacco product users." As with carbonyl compounds, researchers noted that the concentrations of 21 compounds were "significantly lower" in IQOS emissions than in cigarette smoke (between 2 and 276 times lower) and were "even lower" in e-cigarette aerosols

As trade links expanded, tobacco penetrated Siberia and other parts of Asia