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To enhance the translational relevance of animal studies, future research should emphasize the use of humanized gnotobiotic models, which are colonized with microbiota derived from well-characterized cohorts of smokers and nonsmokers

DOI: Published online: March 27, 2025 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea 2 Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea Corresponding Author: Ho Cheol Kim, MD Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, 11 Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon 51472, Korea Tel: +82-55-214-3730 Fax: +82-55-214-8618 E-mail: [email protected] 2025 Kosin University College of Medicine