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Because the model includes endogenous dichotomous variables, this work estimates parameters using the WLSMV estimator for categorical outcomes and specifies a probit link under DELTA parameterization, yielding robust coefficients and standard errors

While there have been studies in the West that have found smoking to be a risk factor for early and late Age Related Maculopathy (ARM), an eye-condition that affects the central-vision of the eye in the Western population, this is the first study in India that shows that even chewing tobacco carries risks that can affect eyesight, said Dr Rajiv Raman, senior consultant, Sankara Nethralaya, one of the members of the research team

Implications for e-cigarettes E-cigarette users, manufacturers and importers are encouraged to carefully consider this comprehensive draft discussion document and make relevant proposals to National Treasury

However, full recovery, especially for long-term smokers, may take several years, and in some cases, the lungs may not fully return to a pre-smoking state