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However, the effect of migration is considered to be minimal when the unit of analysis is a large geographic area such as state as opposed to a small geographic area such as a county or a census tract [38]

The researchers compared smoking status determined by a manual review of clinical records to two automated definitions: ICD-9 and natural language processing that extracts smoking status from the narrative text of electronic medical records

The biologists John Maynard Smith and Geoffrey Parker came up with a better explanation by modeling how the different aggressive strategies that animals might adopt would stack up against each other and against themselves

American Lung Association .