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Abbreviations Apoe: Apolipoprotein E E-cigarette: Electronic cigarette FDA: Food & Drug Administration HPHC: Harmful or potentially harmful chemical NNAL: 4-Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 butanol NNN: N 1 -Nitrosonornicotine Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid factor 2 RRP: Reduced risk product TEER: Trans-epithelial electric resistance References WHO

Study co-author Dr Susan Cheng said: "Providers counselling patients on the use of nicotine products will want to consider the possibility that e-cigs may confer as much and potentially even more harm to users and especially patients at risk for vascular disease.

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