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At the highest dose, animals in all the groups exposed to expanded shredded stems had significant increases in the severity of nonpigmented macrophages in left and apical regions of the lung compared with those in unexposed animals

According to Birinci, by 2025, the expenses of Turkish households on tobacco products will amount to 15 billion Turkish liras per year (283.4 million euros), and the damage from fires caused by unextinguished cigarette butts is estimated at 4 billion Turkish liras (75 million euros)

BAT also has a significant cost advantage economies of scale are generated throughout the supply chain in production of combustibles

it was as high as 16% of cigarettes and 53% of all handrolling tobacco