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This can result in abnormal gene expression patterns, impaired cellular differentiation, and increased susceptibility to metabolic dysfunctions

it upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and other antioxidant and detoxification genes ( + by reducing the heme-associated ferric iron (Fe + ) to Fe + ( + must then be tightly regulated, either stored within ferritin or exported by FPN, to avoid intracellular accumulation and subsequent ferroptosis ( Hepcidin can induce the internalization and degradation of FPN, thereby reducing cellular iron export and elevating intracellular iron levels ( In addition to these canonical signaling pathways, recent single-cell transcriptomic studies have revealed marked heterogeneity in ferroptosis susceptibility among chondrocyte subpopulations in OA cartilage