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the nerve-muscle preparation is bathed in a modified Liley solution suitably oxygenated (95% O2 and 5% CO2) at 37 o C, (137 mM / l NaCl

Cooperation between mitochondria and peroxisomes Previous studies in mammals and zebrafish have shown that when mitochondrial -oxidation is inhibited and fat accumulates in the liver or heart, CPT1 gene expression or enzyme activity compensatorily increases to enhance FA transport into the mitochondrial matrix ( Reference Li, Li and Qin 32 , Reference Degrace, Demizieux and Gresti 52 , Reference Degrace, Demizieux and Du 56 )

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Besides, polyphenols also influence other mechanisms which tend towards improvement of muscle performance, for instance mitochondrial biogenesis comprises of two methods, either stimulating stress-related cell signaling pathways, increasing expression of genes encoding cytoprotective proteins such as nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2) where variants of the NRF2 gene have been associated with endurance performance, or modulating muscle function and mitochondrial biogenesis by upstream regulation of sirtuins (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC-1) activity (Somerville et al