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(1987) first reported nigral iron elevation in PD, a finding later confirmed by X-ray microanalysis ( 2.1.2 Dysregulation of key iron-regulating proteins In ferroptosis, intracellular iron homeostasis is maintained by a network of regulatory mechanisms, including iron acquisition via the transferrin (Tf)/transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) pathway, intracellular transport by divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), export by ferroportin (FPN1), storage in ferritin, and iron release through ferritinophagy mediated by nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) ( Iron acquisition typically begins with extracellular ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) binding to Tf, forming a Tf-Fe 3+ complex that is internalized through TfR1-mediated endocytosis ( Inside the endosome, Fe 3+ is reduced to Fe 2+ by ferrireductases like six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 (STEAP3), and the resulting Fe 2+ is then transported into the cytoplasm primarily by DMT1 ( + ) dopaminergic neurons compared with 53% and 58% loss in wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/mk) mice, respectively

Although several candidate drug resistance mechanisms, including impaired DNA repair, decreased drug uptake, increased drug efflux and detoxification, have been proposed (reviewed by Galluzzi et al, 2012), we are still some way from understanding the molecular basis of drug resistance, and from developing biomarkers to predict the onset and monitor the development of drug-resistant disease in cancer patients

Conclusion Cancer cells undergo a range of interphase and mitotic death after irradiation via direct and indirect effects of RT