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Under pathological conditions, NNT no longer catalyzes NADPH production but promotes NADH generation in reverse mode, leading to a reduced clearance of hydrogen ions by the redox system

Moreover, glycolytic reprogramming can stabilize HIF-1 and enhance the production of pro-fibrotic cytokines like IL-1 in macrophages [13], further contributing to the fibrotic process

DQ is an employee of Doctor's Data, a CLIA-approved medical laboratory which conducted many of the medical tests in this study

Following glucose uptake, glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism increase the beta cell ATP/ADP ratio, thereby closing ATP-sensitive K + channels