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These methods reveal that astrocyte Ca 2+ elevations, triggered by mechanical or electrical stimuli, drive glutamate release to modulate neuronal activity via ionotropic (iGluR) or metabotropic (mGluR) receptors, as seen in hippocampal slices where astrocyte Ca 2+ waves inhibit or enhance presynaptic neurotransmission, highlighting context-dependent metabolic coupling in physiological and stress conditions (Chen et al., 2023)

In contrast, colchicine demonstrates a beneficial effect on cardiovascular protection by mitigating the release of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-18, IL-6 and hs-CRP, through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Moreover, a morphological and biochemical study of muscle biopsies from patients with depression showed that there were defects in brain energy metabolism, decreased activity of respiratory chain enzymes, reduced ATP production, and increased loss of mitochondrial DNA (43)

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